Cohort studies of CT exposure and cancer incidence
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| Country | Size of exposed cohort | Age at exposure (years) | Start date of accrual | Estimated report date |
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| Belgium | 30,000 | 0-15 | 2002 | 2016 |
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| Denmark | 30,000 | 0-18 | 2000 | 2016 |
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| France | 90,000 | 0-5* | 2000 | 2016 |
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| Germany | 140,000 | 0-15 | 1985 | 2016 |
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| Netherlands | 40,000 | 0-18 | 1998 | 2016 |
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| Norway | 20,000 | 0-20 | 2005 | 2016 |
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| Spain | 200,000 | 0-20 | 2005 | 2016 |
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| Sweden | 95,000 | 0-18 | 1984 | 2016 |
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| U.K. | 400,000† | 0-21 | 1985 | 2012‡ |
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| EPI-CT (pooled European) | 1,045,000§ | 0-21 | 1984-2005 | 2016 |
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| Australia | 660,000 | 0-19 | 1985 | 2012-2013 |
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| Ontario, Canada | 370,000 | 0-17 | 1985 | 2013 |
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| Ontario, Canada | 4,105,000 | ≥ 18 | 1991 | 2013 |
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| Israel | 42,000 | 0-22 | 1985 | 2013 |
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| Israel | 18,000 | 0-22 | 1999 | 2013 |
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*0-10 years from 2007 †Including the extended cohort ‡Pearce MS, Salotti JA, Little MP, et al. Radiation exposure from CT scans in childhood and subsequent risk of leukaemia and brain tumours: A retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2012; published online June 7. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60815-0. §Estimated size Data for European studies adapted from: International Agency for Research on Cancer. EPI-CT International pediatric CT scan study. http://epi-ct.iarc.fr/index.php. Additional data provided by G Chodick (Maccabi Healthcare Services), A Kesminiene (International Agency for Research on Cancer), V Kirsh (Cancer Care Ontario), J Mathews (University of Melbourne), and I Thierry-Chef (International Agency for Research on Cancer). |
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![Examples of ultrasound findings and techniques. (A) Images in a 39-year-old male patient with a mass in the left thigh. The mass is heterogeneous on the B-mode US image (compared with the patient in D) and showed increased microvascularity (superb microvascular imaging [SMI]) and shear-wave elastography (SWE) values. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was diagnosed at biopsy (with pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in surgical specimen). (B) Images in an 18-year-old male patient with a mass in the left leg. The mass is hypoechoic on the B-mode image, with no other findings suggestive of malignancy. The lesion is in contact with the cortex of the tibia, which is slightly irregular. CT revealed a doubtful anteromedial tibial erosion. The microvascular study demonstrated high vascularization, suggestive of malignancy. Periosteal Ewing sarcoma was diagnosed with both histologic and immunohistochemical confirmation. (C) Images in a 69-year-old female patient with a lump growing on the outside of the left leg. Multiple SWE examinations were performed (please note the high values obtained in the measurements, whereas the color map highlights the stiffness relative to adjacent tissues). SMI showed areas of increased vascularization to target for sampling. Undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma was diagnosed at biopsy, with residual leiomyosarcoma in the surgical specimen after neoadjuvant therapy. (D) Images in a 56-year-old female patient with a mass in the right thigh. The mass is heterogeneous at both B-mode ultrasound (similar to patient A) and MRI (coronal T2-weighted spectral attenuated inversion recovery [SPAIR]; T1-weighted pre-contrast and postcontrast imaging), which even shows uptake after the administration of paramagnetic contrast material, which is traditionally suggestive of malignancy. Low values at SMI and elastography are suggestive of benignity. Spindle cell lipoma was diagnosed at biopsy, with atypical spindle cell lipomatous tumor in the surgical specimen.](https://img.auntminnieeurope.com/mindful/smg/workspaces/default/uploads/2026/08/images-radiol250278fig2.APCFLSvX6p.jpg?auto=format%2Ccompress&fit=crop&h=100&q=70&w=100)
![Examples of ultrasound findings and techniques. (A) Images in a 39-year-old male patient with a mass in the left thigh. The mass is heterogeneous on the B-mode US image (compared with the patient in D) and showed increased microvascularity (superb microvascular imaging [SMI]) and shear-wave elastography (SWE) values. Undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma was diagnosed at biopsy (with pleomorphic rhabdomyosarcoma in surgical specimen). (B) Images in an 18-year-old male patient with a mass in the left leg. The mass is hypoechoic on the B-mode image, with no other findings suggestive of malignancy. The lesion is in contact with the cortex of the tibia, which is slightly irregular. CT revealed a doubtful anteromedial tibial erosion. The microvascular study demonstrated high vascularization, suggestive of malignancy. Periosteal Ewing sarcoma was diagnosed with both histologic and immunohistochemical confirmation. (C) Images in a 69-year-old female patient with a lump growing on the outside of the left leg. Multiple SWE examinations were performed (please note the high values obtained in the measurements, whereas the color map highlights the stiffness relative to adjacent tissues). SMI showed areas of increased vascularization to target for sampling. Undifferentiated spindle cell sarcoma was diagnosed at biopsy, with residual leiomyosarcoma in the surgical specimen after neoadjuvant therapy. (D) Images in a 56-year-old female patient with a mass in the right thigh. The mass is heterogeneous at both B-mode ultrasound (similar to patient A) and MRI (coronal T2-weighted spectral attenuated inversion recovery [SPAIR]; T1-weighted pre-contrast and postcontrast imaging), which even shows uptake after the administration of paramagnetic contrast material, which is traditionally suggestive of malignancy. Low values at SMI and elastography are suggestive of benignity. Spindle cell lipoma was diagnosed at biopsy, with atypical spindle cell lipomatous tumor in the surgical specimen.](https://img.auntminnieeurope.com/mindful/smg/workspaces/default/uploads/2026/08/images-radiol250278fig2.APCFLSvX6p.jpg?auto=format%2Ccompress&dpr=2&fit=crop&h=167&q=70&w=250)
